What Kind Of Energy Is Stored In An Animal

Honors Biology I

Free energy for the Cell

All cells need free energy to stay alive.

The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the dominicus.� Plants convert low-cal free energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis.� Animals obtain energy by eating plants.

The only form of energy a cell can utilize is a molecule chosen adenosine triphosphate (ATP).� Chemic free energy is stored in the bonds that hold the molecule together.

�� Energy is stored when an ATP molecule is formed

�� Free energy is released when an ATP molecule is broken down

��

ADP tin be recycled into ATP when more energy becomes available.� The free energy to brand ATP comes from glucose.

Cells convert glucose to ATP in a process called cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration: � process of turning glucose into free energy In the form of ATP.

�� -� occurs in all cells

�� -� takes place in the mitochondrion

- tin occur both with or without oxygen

Site of electron transport concatenation

Before cellular respiration can begin, glucose must be refined into a course that is usable by the mitochondrion.� Each 6 carbon molecule of glucose is converted to two iii carbon molecules of pyruvic acid in the process of glycolysis.

�� -� glycolysis must occur before cellular respiration can begin

- glycolysis tin occur either in the presence of oxygen or if oxygen is not present

Post-obit glycolysis, pyruvic acid could enter i of two metabolic pathways:

�� 1.� anaerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acrid if oxygen is not present in the mitochondrion.� Occurs when the blood is not delivering enough oxygen �� to the individual cells.

�� -� process is also called fermentation

-� fermentation is not an efficient way to produce ATP from glucose.

-� both animals and plants undergo fermentation, just the process is slightly different in animals than information technology is in plants.

-� fermentation in plant cells is called alcoholic fermentation. In this�� procedure, pyruvic acid is broken downward without oxygen and ethyl alcohol and ATP is produced.

��

�� pyruvic acid ---> ethyl booze + h2o + iv ATP

-� this is how alcoholic beverages are produced.

-� fermentation in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation.� In this procedure, pyruvic acrid is broken down without oxygen and lactic acid and ATP is produced. ��

�� pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + h2o + 4 ATP

-� when lactic acid collects in you muscles, it� irritates the muscles and makes them sore.

�� 2.� aerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid that occurs if the blood has delivered a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells. ��

��

�� 6 O _two + C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6� ---> half dozen CO _ii + half-dozen H _ii O + 36 ATP

��

�� -� aerobic respiration occurs in 2 steps:

a.� Krebs cycle: conversion of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.� In order to begin the Krebs cycle, pyruvic must react� with a coenzyme called acetyl co-A.

-� consists of a series of chemical reactions.� The purpose of the chemical reactions is to

1. release hydrogen that will be used later to make ATP in the second stage of aerobic respiration ��

2. release carbon dioxide as waste.

- produces 2 ATP molecules in the process

Krebs Cycle

CO₂ is released from the reactions

(waste product that is exhaled)

H⁺ ions are released and collected by molecules of NAD and FAD

H⁺ ions are carried past NAD and FAD to the adjacent footstep (electron transport concatenation) to make ATP

It requires ii turns of the Krebs bike to completely intermission down 1 molecule of glucose.

b.� Electron send concatenation:� series of redox reactions using the hydrogen released in the Krebs bike.� Produces nigh of the �ATP in cellular respiration.

- produces 34 ATP molecules

��

Photosynthesis

The procedure that plants apply to convert the sun�s energy into glucose molecules is called photosynthesis.

�� Occurs in the chloroplasts

�� Requires the greenish pigment cholorphyll

�� The Chloroplast

Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.

Thylakoids: Disk shaped membranes containing photosynthetic pigments. Site of light reactions.

Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.

Stroma: Fluid filled space surrounding grana. Site of dark reactions.

The full general equation for photosynthesis is:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O � C₆H₁₂O_vi + 6O₂

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:

one.� Light dependent reactions (a.k.a the light reactions)

�� - requires sunlight.

�� - occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the grana

- low-cal strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoids and they become�� energized

- the sun�s energy is used to split water molecules.� Some H⁺ ions from water are collected by NADP and carried to the stroma and used to make glucose and some is used to brand ATP.� O₂ from the h2o molecules is released into the atmosphere as waste product.

two.� Light independent reactions (a.k.a. the dark reactions, Calvin cycle or carbon fixation)

- does not crave sunlight.� The energy for this part of photosynthesis comes from the ATP made in the light reactions

- occurs in the stroma

- CO_ii from air goes through a series of chemical reaction and is converted to glucose