What Kind Of Energy Is Stored In An Animal
Honors Biology I
Free energy for the Cell
All cells need free energy to stay alive.
The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the dominicus.� Plants convert low-cal free energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis.� Animals obtain energy by eating plants.
The only form of energy a cell can utilize is a molecule chosen adenosine triphosphate (ATP).� Chemic free energy is stored in the bonds that hold the molecule together.
����������� Energy is stored when an ATP molecule is formed
����������� Free energy is released when an ATP molecule is broken down
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ADP tin be recycled into ATP when more energy becomes available.� The free energy to brand ATP comes from glucose.
Cells convert glucose to ATP in a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: � process of turning glucose into free energy In the form of ATP.
����������� -� occurs in all cells
����������� -� takes place in the mitochondrion
- tin occur both with or without oxygen
Site of electron transport concatenation
Before cellular respiration can begin, glucose must be refined into a course that is usable by the mitochondrion.� Each 6 carbon molecule of glucose is converted to two iii carbon molecules of pyruvic acid in the process of glycolysis.
����������� -� glycolysis must occur before cellular respiration can begin
- glycolysis tin occur either in the presence of oxygen or if oxygen is not present
Post-obit glycolysis, pyruvic acid could enter i of two metabolic pathways:
����������� 1.� anaerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acrid if oxygen is not present in the mitochondrion.� Occurs when the blood is not delivering enough oxygen �������� �����to the individual cells.
����������������������� -� process is also called fermentation
-� fermentation is not an efficient way to produce ATP from glucose.
-� both animals and plants undergo fermentation, just the process is slightly different in animals than information technology is in plants.
-� fermentation in plant cells is called alcoholic fermentation. In this��� procedure, pyruvic acid is broken downward without oxygen and ethyl alcohol and ATP is produced.
����������������������������������������������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acid ---> ethyl booze + h2o + iv ATP
-� this is how alcoholic beverages are produced.
-� fermentation in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation.� In this procedure, pyruvic acrid is broken down without oxygen and lactic acid and ATP is produced. �������������������������������������� ���� ������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + h2o + 4 ATP
-� when lactic acid collects in you muscles, it� irritates the muscles and makes them sore.
����� 2.� aerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid that occurs if the blood has delivered a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells. ���� ������������������� ����
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����������� 6 O two + C 6 H 12 O 6� ---> half dozen CO ii + half-dozen H ii O + 36 ATP
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����������� -� aerobic respiration occurs in 2 steps:
a.� Krebs cycle: conversion of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.� In order to begin the Krebs cycle, pyruvic must react� with a coenzyme called acetyl co-A.
-� consists of a series of chemical reactions.� The purpose of the chemical reactions is to
1. release hydrogen that will be used later to make ATP in the second stage of aerobic respiration ������
2. release carbon dioxide as waste.
- produces 2 ATP molecules in the process
Krebs Cycle
CO2 is released from the reactions (waste product that is exhaled) H+ ions are released and collected by molecules of NAD and FAD H+ ions are carried past NAD and FAD to the adjacent footstep (electron transport concatenation) to make ATP
It requires ii turns of the Krebs bike to completely intermission down 1 molecule of glucose.
b.� Electron send concatenation:� series of redox reactions using the hydrogen released in the Krebs bike.� Produces nigh of the �ATP in cellular respiration.
- produces 34 ATP molecules
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Photosynthesis
The procedure that plants apply to convert the sun�s energy into glucose molecules is called photosynthesis.
����������� Occurs in the chloroplasts
����������� Requires the greenish pigment cholorphyll
����������� The Chloroplast
Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Thylakoids: Disk shaped membranes containing photosynthetic pigments. Site of light reactions.
Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: Fluid filled space surrounding grana. Site of dark reactions.
The full general equation for photosynthesis is:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O � C6H12Ovi + 6O2
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
one.� Light dependent reactions (a.k.a the light reactions)
����������� - requires sunlight.
����������� - occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the grana
- low-cal strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoids and they become�� energized
- the sun�s energy is used to split water molecules.� Some H+ ions from water are collected by NADP and carried to the stroma and used to make glucose and some is used to brand ATP.� O2 from the h2o molecules is released into the atmosphere as waste product.
two.� Light independent reactions (a.k.a. the dark reactions, Calvin cycle or carbon fixation)
- does not crave sunlight.� The energy for this part of photosynthesis comes from the ATP made in the light reactions
- occurs in the stroma
- COii from air goes through a series of chemical reaction and is converted to glucose
Source: http://mandevillehigh.stpsb.org/teachersites/laura_decker/cell_resp_and_photosynthesis_notes.htm
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