What Do The Markings Disc And Screen On Dig Water Filter

46.i Installation

The primary items in the installation of drip irrigation organisation include installation of the head associates (control caput), comprising the pumping set, not-return valve, water meter, filters, fertilization equipment, flow control, air release and pressure release valves. The other items of installation include connecting mains, sub-mains, and lying of baste record or lateral with drippers. While installing the control head or the pipe network, the minimum number of accessories such equally elbows, reducers etc should be used. This is required for proper maintenance of the system and to reduce unnecessary head loss in the arrangement due to these connections.

46.1.1 Installation of Filters and Fertigation Equipment

1. A stiff back up in the course of hard base of operations or concrete base along with the GI fittings should be used for the installation of the sand and hydro cyclone filters to avoid whatever vibrations due to load.

2. The filter size should be in accordance with the capacity of the system. This should match with the pump discharge nether size will lead to loss and over size volition add cost.

3. The commitment pipe of the pump should be connected direct to the hydro cyclone or the media or sand filter followed past the fertilizer equipment and the screen filter. All of these components should be installed in the principal pipage.

4. Once the sand/screen filter is essential requirement. Suitable arrangement to collect and dispose of the bypass material should be made.

5. In pressurized irrigation system the fertilizer injection unit is located, between the sand filter (if required) and the screen filter. The full general recommendation is that the fertilizer solution pass through at least two 90-degree turns to ensure adequate time for thorough mixing and for whatever precipitate to come out in front of the screen filter. It is must that fertigation unit is installed at the upstream stop of the screen filter then as to filter the under solved matter present in the fertilizer solution.

46.1.two Installation of Mains and Sub-mains

1. Except for fully portable organisation, both mains and sub mains if made out from PVC must be installed underground at a minimum depth of about 0.5m such that they are unaffected by tillage or past heavy harvesting mechanism. Even for systems, which have portable laterals that are removed at the finish of each season, it is mutual do to install permanent hole-and-corner mains and sub mains. Generally sub mains run across the direction of the rows.

The United States Soil Conservation Service has recommended the post-obit minimum cover of earth over for diverse pipage sizes (Fred Hamish, 1977):

Pipe size	Depth of earth comprehend
1.2 to half-dozen cm bore	45 cm
six to 10 cm diameter	60 cm
Over 60 cm diameter	75 cm

2. If the mains and sub mains are fabricated out of materials other than PVC such as HDPE or GI, these may not be the need to install them below the basis surface; nevertheless it is appropriate to install them underground.

three. It is important to remove mud and other impurities in the pipe before fitting of mains and sub-mains and gate valves. A brawl valve is provided at the inlet end of the sub-main. After the ball valve, the air release valve is provided. A flush valve facing the slope of the sub-mains is provided at the end of each sub-main to facilitate sub-chief flushing.

46.ane.3 Laying of Laterals

1. Afterwards the main and sub mains are installed, holes are drilled on the sub-main, co-ordinate to the grommet have off (GTO) i.e., 11.ix mm dia drill for 8 mm ID GTO and sixteen.5 mm drill for 13 mm ID GTO.

2. Then grommet are fixed in it and theses take off are fixed.

3. Once the grommet take offs are fixed on the sub-mains, lateral/polytube laying is done equally per the design.Lateral is fixed to one end of the have off.

4. four.Lateral placement is done according to row distance, with sufficient shrinking allowance and extra lateral length is provided at the end.

5. The drippers are punched on the laterals as per the requirement.

6. Generally laterals are laid on the ground surface. Normally laterals are placed along contours on sloping field.  Burying laterals cloak-and-dagger might exist necessary or at least accept some advantages for some installations. Where this is done, the emission devices should be fixed in a higher place ground level. except for the subsurface drip lateral.

7. The downstream end of the lateral can be closed by merely folding back the pipage and closing it with a band of larger diameter pipe, known equally end plug. This can exist easily slipped for flushing.

46.one.4 Punching of Laterals and Fixing of Emitters

1. Punching of laterals should start from sub-main. Water should be allowed to period through lateral so as to go jutting in pipe which makes piece of cake punching.

2. Dial the lateral sideways.

3. The dripper position is fixed as per the spacing requirement.

4. All the drippers should follow the aforementioned straight line.

5. Practice not ready the drippers on lateral until complete lateral is punched

6. Drippers are stock-still on laterals as per the arrows marked (if having arrow marks) and it should be towards the sub-mains.

7. While fixing the dripper, push button it inside the lateral and pull it slightly. The finish of lateral should be closed with finish cap.

In one case the arrangement is completely installed, information technology needs to be tested by assuasive water to flow in to the system. Before allowing the h2o in to the arrangement, ensure that all the valves are open. After master, sub mains and laterals are flushed completely close the flushed completely shut the flush valve and end caps. After closing of the valves and caps check the pressure level at pressure level gages and ensure that the pressure at the selected points is as per the design pressure. It is too required to check the working of filters, air release valves and the fertigation unit. Once it is ensured that all the components are functioning properly and the required pressure exists in the system, the system is ready for utilise.

46.2 Operation of Drip Irrigation System

When the system is in use, it is required to operate properly for long and trouble free use of the organization. The following guidelines may be considered for this purpose.

i) Go on all the design, evaluation and testing data from the designer, installer and dealer handy.

ii) Computer the fourth dimension of operation of different sub units based on the climatological data of previous day(s) or from the average historical data; prepare the fourth dimension schedules for different valves and operate the valves accordingly to release the desired quantity of water, compute the book of water to be applied for each setting/subunit and ensure that the desire quantity of water is applied.

iii) Bank check the pressure at the pressure gages regularly.

iv) For the se\system involving the operation of valves hydraulically, ensure proper setting of the hydraulic metering valve.

five) Operating the head valve to begin irrigation.

vi) Checking the system all components for proper operation, beginning with force per unit area readings at the control header.

vii) Checking the emitters, randomly for its belch.

viii) Measure the emission uniformity of the system at least at the start of the irrigation flavor.

ix) The chemical and fertilizer injection equipments to ensure the application of desired quantity and concentration (US Soil Cons. Service, 1984).

 46.3 Maintenance of Drip Irrigation System

Periodic preventive maintenance of all the components of the drip irrigation system is required for successful operation of drip irrigation system.

46.3.1 Emitters

The emitter performance, wetting pattern and leakage of pipes, valves, and fittings should be checked regularly. The placement of emitters should be ascertained.  If the placement is disturbed, identify them in proper position. If emitters do not requite the rated pressure level, they need to be cleaned manually either past flushing or provide manual or automatic chemical (acid or chlorine) treatments. The chemical treatment is described later in these lesson emitters non giving the rated discharge even afterwards flushing or the chemical treatments should be replaced. Leakage through filter gaskets in the lids, flushing valves & fittings etc. are monitored regularly.

46.3.2 Filter Cleaning

Filter is the center of a drip irrigation system and its failure will lead to clogging of the emitters and in plow the poor operation of the system. Pressure departure across the filter is used as the indicator for deciding the timing of cleaning of the filter.

i) Hydro Cyclone Filter

Hydro whirlwind filter should be installed earlier sand and screen filter in example there is heavy load of sand in irrigation water. Hydro cyclone filter requires least maintenance; nonetheless the dirt or sand, inside the nether menstruation chamber should be removed daily. Affluent the chamber by opening affluent valve/cap are or open the main valve for thorough cleaning.

 ii) Sand Filter

The sand filter should be backwashed every twenty-four hour period for five minutes to remove the silt other dirt or any other organic matter accumulated during the previous solar day'due south irrigation. One time in a calendar week, while back washing, the backwash water should exist immune to pass through the lid instead of the backwash valves. The sand in the filter bed is stirred up to the filter candles without dissentious them. Whatever dirt is accumulated deep inside the sand bed will get free and goes out with the water through the hat. The need of dorsum washing can exist detected by monitoring the pressure drib across the filter. When the pressure level drops increased to a pre-determined level, the filter should be back-flushed. ASAE recommends that this pressure level drop should not exceed seventy kPa. If at that place is heavy load of organic matter in irrigation water, the sand in the filter should exist done thoroughly with clean water. The sand filter should be filled with the sand if the level of sand in filter decreases. The sand may be lost in the procedure of backwashing or cleaning. Information technology is advisable to procure 20% boosted sand at the fourth dimension of purchase of the sand filter.

 three) Screen/Disc Filter

Flushing at scheduled daily interval is necessary to maintain screen and disc filters. It is recommended to flush screen filter, if pressure drops more than 0.five kg/cmⁱⁱ.  Before the start of drip irrigation system, the flushing valve of the filter link should be opened so that the clay and silt volition exist flushed out. The filter element (screen or disc) is taken out from the filter and information technology is cleaned in flowing water. The safety seals are taken out from both the sides and precaution should be taken while replacing the rubber seals, otherwise they may become damaged.

46.3.3 Maintenance of Fertigation Equipment

Information technology is ever appropriate to let make clean water through ventury or other injectors for ten to 15 minutes before and after fertilizer application for uniform awarding of fertilizers. It volition also preclude clogging of suction port of ventury from clogging. It is important to note that equipment is resistant to acid. The hat of the fertilizer tank should be fully tightened while in operation. In club to check leaks between the body and bell housing in fertigation pump, clean the seal seating and put back the seal or alter and keep the position of bell housing at upright.

46.3.4 Sub-principal and Lateral / Flushing

It is possible that the silt or other dirt materials escapes through the filters and settles in sub mains and laterals. Also some algae and leaner lead to the germination of slimes/pastes in the sub mains and laterals. The sub mains should exist flushed by opening the flush valves to remove these formations. The lateral should exist flushed by removing the end caps allowing water to laissez passer through. Flushing too removes the traces of accumulated salts. The flushing procedure should be terminated once the water going out is cleaned.

46.3.v Chemical Treatments

Clogging or plugging of emitters/orifices is due to atmospheric precipitation and accumulation of certain dissolved salts like carbonates, bi-carbonates, iron, calcium and manganese salts. The clogging is also due to the presence of microorganisms and the related iron and sulphur slimes due to algae and bacteria. The clogging or plugging is ordinarily removed past chemical treatment. Chemical treatments usually used in baste irrigation systems include application of chloride and/or acid with water. The frequency of chemical treatment is decided on the degree of clogging and quality of water. Chlorine treatment is required to remove organic and any physical materials and acrid handling is required to remove the salt and whatever chemical precipitates from the system. Every bit a general dominion, acrid treatment is performed in one case in ten days and chlorine treatment one time in fifteen days.

i) Acid Handling

Muriatic acid is injected into the drip irrigation system at the charge per unit suggested in the water analysis report. The acid treatment is performed till a pH of 4 is observed at the end of piping. After achieving a pH of 4 the system is close off for 24 hours. The organization is and then flushed by opening the affluent valve and lateral finish caps.

ii) Chlorine Treatment

Chlorine handling in the form of bleaching powder is performed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms like algae and bacteria. The bleaching pulverization is dissolved in h2o and this solution is injected into the organization for about 30 minutes. Then the system is close off for 24 hours. The lateral end caps and affluent valves are opened to flush out the water with impurities. The recommended chlorine dosages are 0.5 to i.0 ppm continuously or twenty ppm for twenty minutes at the end of each irrigation cycle for algae while for slimes, ane.0 ppm free residual chlorine is maintained at the end of each laterals. For iron precipitation, 0.64 times the Fe⁺⁺ content are used to maintain 1.0 ppm gratuitous residual chlorine at the terminate of each lateral. Efficiency of chlorine injection is related to pH of the water to be treated. More chlorine is required at a loftier pH. The charge per unit of injection of liquid chlorine or acrid depends on the system flow rate and can be adamant by using the following expressions.

             (46.i)

where

q_c = Rate of injection of the chemical into the system,

Yard = Conversion constant, vi ´ x^-three

u   = Desired concentration of chemic in irrigation h2o, ppm

Qs= Supply menstruum rate, Lmin^-1

 C        = Concentration of chemical in the solution to be injected, per cent

References

Hamish, F. (1977). Main line installation, in Drip/Trickle Irrigation No. 5, Vol. 2, No. two, 1977, Pub. International Drip Irrigation Asso., P.O. Box 288, Bloomington, California-92316 (714) 877-4405: 12.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1984). Trickle Irrigation. US Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, National Technology Handbook Chapter 15, Section 15. U.S.D.A., Due south.C.S., Washington, D.C: 129.

Suggested Reading

Michael, A. Thou. (2010). Irrigation Theory and Practice, Vikas Publishing Business firm Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, India: 643-645.

Tiwari. Chiliad. North. (2009). Pressurized Irrigation, Precision Farming Development Middle IIT Kharagpur Publication No. PFDC/ IIT KGP/ii/2009: 27-32.

46.1 Installation

The main items in the installation of drip irrigation arrangement include installation of the head associates (command head), comprising the pumping set, non-return valve, water meter, filters, fertilization equipment, flow control, air release and force per unit area release valves. The other items of installation include connecting mains, sub-mains, and lying of drip tape or lateral with drippers. While installing the control caput or the pipage network, the minimum number of accessories such as elbows, reducers etc should be used. This is required for proper maintenance of the system and to reduce unnecessary head loss in the system due to these connections.

46.1.i Installation of Filters and Fertigation Equipment

1. A stiff support in the form of hard base or concrete base along with the GI fittings should be used for the installation of the sand and hydro cyclone filters to avoid any vibrations due to load.

ii. The filter size should be in accord with the chapters of the system. This should match with the pump discharge under size will lead to loss and over size will add together cost.

3. The delivery pipe of the pump should be connected direct to the hydro cyclone or the media or sand filter followed by the fertilizer equipment and the screen filter. All of these components should be installed in the main pipe.

4. In one case the sand/screen filter is essential requirement. Suitable system to collect and dispose of the bypass material should be made.

5. In pressurized irrigation system the fertilizer injection unit is located, between the sand filter (if required) and the screen filter. The general recommendation is that the fertilizer solution pass through at least two 90-caste turns to ensure adequate time for thorough mixing and for whatever precipitate to come out in front of the screen filter. It is must that fertigation unit is installed at the upstream end of the screen filter then as to filter the under solved matter present in the fertilizer solution.

46.one.two Installation of Mains and Sub-mains

1. Except for fully portable system, both mains and sub mains if fabricated out from PVC must exist installed underground at a minimum depth of near 0.5m such that they are unaffected past cultivation or by heavy harvesting mechanism. Even for systems, which have portable laterals that are removed at the end of each flavour, it is mutual practice to install permanent underground mains and sub mains. Mostly sub mains run across the management of the rows.

The U.s.a. Soil Conservation Service has recommended the following minimum cover of earth over for diverse piping sizes (Fred Hamish, 1977):

Pipe size	Depth of world cover
ane.2 to vi cm diameter	45 cm
6 to ten cm diameter	60 cm
Over 60 cm diameter	75 cm

two. If the mains and sub mains are made out of materials other than PVC such as HDPE or GI, these may not be the need to install them below the basis surface; notwithstanding information technology is appropriate to install them clandestine.

3. Information technology is important to remove mud and other impurities in the pipe before fitting of mains and sub-mains and gate valves. A ball valve is provided at the inlet end of the sub-primary. Later on the ball valve, the air release valve is provided. A flush valve facing the slope of the sub-mains is provided at the end of each sub-primary to facilitate sub-main flushing.

46.1.3 Laying of Laterals

one. After the primary and sub mains are installed, holes are drilled on the sub-primary, according to the grom met take off (GTO) i.east., 11.9 mm dia drill for 8 mm ID GTO and 16.five mm drill for 13 mm ID GTO.

2. Then grom me t are fixed in information technology and theses have off are fixed.

3. Once the grommet take offs are stock-still on the sub-mains, lateral/polytube laying is done as per the design. Lateral is fixed to one end of the accept off.

iv. 4. Lateral placement is done according to row distance, with sufficient shrinking assart and extra lateral length is provided at the end.

v. The drippers are punched on the laterals equally per the requirement.

half dozen. Mostly laterals are laid on the basis surface. Commonly laterals are placed forth contours on sloping field. Burying laterals underground might be necessary or at to the lowest degree have some advantages for some installations. Where this is done, the emission devices should be fixed in a higher place ground level. except for the subsurface drip lateral.

7. The downstream end of the lateral can be closed by merely folding back the piping and endmost it with a ring of larger diameter pipe, known as end plug. This can be easily slipped for flushing.

46.1.iv Punching of Laterals and Fixing of Emitters

i. Punching of laterals should start from sub-main. H2o should be allowed to catamenia through lateral so as to get bulging in pipe which makes easy punching.

2. Punch the lateral sideways.

3. The dripper position is fixed as per the spacing requirement.

four. All the drippers should follow the aforementioned straight line.

5. Do not fix the drippers on lateral until consummate lateral is punched

6. Drippers are fixed on laterals equally per the arrows marked (if having arrow marks) and it should be towards the sub-mains.

7. While fixing the dripper, button it inside the lateral and pull it slightly. The terminate of lateral should be closed with end cap.

In one case the system is completely installed, it needs to be tested by allowing water to flow in to the system. Before assuasive the water in to the system, ensure that all the valves are open. Later main, sub mains and laterals are flushed completely shut the flushed completely close the affluent valve and terminate caps. After endmost of the valves and caps bank check the pressure at pressure gages and ensure that the pressure at the selected points is as per the design force per unit area. Information technology is also required to bank check the working of filters, air release valves and the fertigation unit of measurement. Once information technology is ensured that all the components are operation properly and the required pressure exists in the organization, the arrangement is ready for use.

46.2 Operation of Baste Irrigation Organization

When the organisation is in utilise, it is required to operate properly for long and trouble free use of the organization. The following guidelines may be considered for this purpose.

i) Keep all the design, evaluation and testing data from the designer, installer and dealer handy.

two) Computer the fourth dimension of performance of different sub units based on the climatological data of previous twenty-four hour period(s) or from the average historical data; ready the time schedules for unlike valves and operate the valves accordingly to release the desired quantity of water, compute the volume of h2o to exist applied for each setting/subunit and ensure that the desire quantity of water is applied.

iii) Cheque the pressure at the pressure gages regularly.

iv) For the se\organization involving the operation of valves hydraulically, ensure proper setting of the hydraulic metering valve.

v) Operating the head valve to begin irrigation.

vi) Checking the system all components for proper operation, beginning with pressure readings at the command header.

vii) Checking the emitters, randomly for its belch.

viii) Measure the emission uniformity of the system at least at the start of the irrigation season.

ix) The chemical and fertilizer injection equipments to ensure the application of desired quantity and concentration (US Soil Cons. Service, 1984).

46.three Maintenance of Drip Irrigation System

Periodic preventive maintenance of all the components of the drip irrigation system is required for successful functioning of drip irrigation system.

46.iii.1 Emitters

The emitter operation, wetting design and leakage of pipes, valves, and fittings should exist checked regularly. The placement of emitters should be ascertained. If the placement is disturbed, place them in proper position. If emitters do non give the rated force per unit area, they need to be cleaned manually either by flushing or provide manual or automatic chemical (acid or chlorine) treatments. The chemical treatment is described afterwards in these lesson emitters not giving the rated belch even subsequently flushing or the chemical treatments should exist replaced. Leakage through filter gaskets in the lids, flushing valves & fittings etc. are monitored regularly.

46.iii.1 Filter Cleaning

Filter is the eye of a drip irrigation organisation and its failure will pb to bottleneck of the emitters and in turn the poor functioning of the organization. Pressure difference beyond the filter is used as the indicator for deciding the timing of cleaning of the filter.

i) Hydro Cyclone Filter

Hydro cyclone filter should exist installed before sand and screen filter in case in that location is heavy load of sand in irrigation water. Hydro cyclone filter requires least maintenance; however the clay or sand, within the under period chamber should exist removed daily. Flush the chamber by opening flush valve/cap are or open the principal valve for thorough cleaning.

2) Sand Filter

The sand filter should be backwashed every day for v minutes to remove the silt other dirt or whatsoever other organic affair accumulated during the previous day's irrigation. Once in a week, while back washing, the backwash water should exist allowed to laissez passer through the hat instead of the aftermath valves. The sand in the filter bed is stirred up to the filter candles without damaging them. Whatsoever dirt is accumulated deep within the sand bed will get free and goes out with the water through the lid. The need of dorsum washing tin can be detected past monitoring the force per unit area drop across the filter. When the pressure drops increased to a pre-determined level, the filter should be back-flushed. ASAE recommends that this pressure driblet should not exceed lxx kPa. If there is heavy load of organic matter in irrigation water, the sand in the filter should be done thoroughly with clean water. The sand filter should exist filled with the sand if the level of sand in filter decreases. The sand may be lost in the process of backwashing or cleaning. It is advisable to procure xx% boosted sand at the fourth dimension of purchase of the sand filter.

iii) Screen/Disc Filter

Flushing at scheduled daily interval is necessary to maintain screen and disc filters. It is recommended to flush screen filter, if pressure level drops more than than 0.5 kg/cm². Before the start of drip irrigation system, the flushing valve of the filter link should be opened so that the dirt and silt volition exist flushed out. The filter element (screen or disc) is taken out from the filter and it is cleaned in flowing water. The rubber seals are taken out from both the sides and precaution should be taken while replacing the prophylactic seals, otherwise they may get damaged.

46.3.2 Maintenance of Fertigation Equipment

It is ever appropriate to allow clean water through ventury or other injectors for ten to 15 minutes before and afterward fertilizer application for uniform application of fertilizers. It volition also foreclose clogging of suction port of ventury from clogging. It is important to note that equipment is resistant to acid. The hat of the fertilizer tank should be fully tightened while in performance. In order to bank check leaks betwixt the body and bell housing in fertigation pump, clean the seal seating and put back the seal or change and keep the position of bell housing at upright.

46.iii.4 Sub-primary and Lateral / Flushing

It is possible that the silt or other clay materials escapes through the filters and settles in sub mains and laterals. Also some algae and bacteria lead to the formation of slimes/pastes in the sub mains and laterals. The sub mains should be flushed by opening the flush valves to remove these formations. The lateral should exist flushed past removing the end caps allowing water to laissez passer through. Flushing also removes the traces of accumulated salts. The flushing procedure should be terminated once the water going out is cleaned.

46.3.4 Chemical Treatments

Clogging or plugging of emitters/orifices is due to precipitation and accumulation of certain dissolved salts similar carbonates, bi-carbonates, iron, calcium and manganese salts. The bottleneck is also due to the presence of microorganisms and the related iron and sulphur slimes due to algae and leaner. The bottleneck or plugging is unremarkably removed by chemical treatment. Chemic treatments commonly used in drip irrigation systems include application of chloride and/or acid with water. The frequency of chemical treatment is decided on the degree of bottleneck and quality of h2o. Chlorine treatment is required to remove organic and any physical materials and acid treatment is required to remove the salt and any chemical precipitates from the system. As a general rule, acid handling is performed once in x days and chlorine treatment in one case in fifteen days.

i) Acid Treatment

Hydrochloric acrid is injected into the drip irrigation system at the rate suggested in the water analysis study. The acid treatment is performed till a pH of 4 is observed at the end of piping. Later on achieving a pH of 4 the organization is shut off for 24 hours. The organization is and then flushed by opening the flush valve and lateral end caps.

2) Chlorine Treatment

Chlorine treatment in the form of bleaching powder is performed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms like algae and bacteria. The bleaching pulverisation is dissolved in water and this solution is injected into the arrangement for nigh 30 minutes. So the organization is shut off for 24 hours. The lateral cease caps and flush valves are opened to flush out the water with impurities. The recommended chlorine dosages are 0.5 to one.0 ppm continuously or 20 ppm for 20 minutes at the cease of each irrigation bike for algae while for slimes, i.0 ppm gratis rest chlorine is maintained at the stop of each laterals. For atomic number 26 atmospheric precipitation, 0.64 times the Atomic number 26⁺⁺ content are used to maintain 1.0 ppm free residual chlorine at the end of each lateral. Efficiency of chlorine injection is related to pH of the water to exist treated. More chlorine is required at a loftier pH. The charge per unit of injection of liquid chlorine or acrid depends on the system catamenia charge per unit and tin can exist determined by using the post-obit expressions.

(46.ane)

where

= Rate of injection of the chemical into the system,

K = Conversion abiding, half-dozen ´ 10^-3

= Desired concentration of chemical in irrigation h2o, ppm

= Supply menses rate, Lmin^-1

= Concentration of chemical in the solution to exist injected, per cent

References

Hamish, F. (1977). Main line installation, in Baste/Trickle Irrigation No. v, Vol. 2, No. ii, 1977, Pub. International Drip Irrigation Asso., P.O. Box 288, Bloomington, California-92316 (714) 877-4405: 12.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1984). Trickle Irrigation. U.s.a. Dept. of Agronomics, Soil Conservation Service, National Applied science Handbook Affiliate 15, Section 15. U.s.D.A., S.C.S., Washington, D.C: 129.

Suggested Reading

Michael, A. G. (2010). Irrigation Theory and Practice, Vikas Publishing Business firm Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, Republic of india: 643-645.

Tiwari. K. Due north. (2009). Pressurized Irrigation, Precision Farming Development Centre IIT Kharagpur Publication No. PFDC/ IIT KGP/2/2009: 27-32.

What Do The Markings Disc And Screen On Dig Water Filter,

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